Lesson Notes

Lesson 14.3a Understanding Mood Disorders: Major Depression and Bipolar Disorder

Major Depression and Bipolar Disorder are two psychological disorders that appear to be on the rise, especially in Western Culture. More specifically, the rise of Depression in females is up to three times as more prevalent than in males. Remember that everyone feels sad and a bit blue every now and then; a disorder is diagnosed when these feelings and behaviours persist over time and have an affect on normal functioning. Similarly, Bipolar Disorder is characterized with depressive symptoms, but differs because of the manic state people also experience. These manic phases can lead to hyperactivity and grandiose behaviours (i.e. giving away lots of money), and it is the fluctuation between the “highs and lows” that makes Bipolar Disorder a very difficult disorder to live with.

Lesson 14.3b  Explaining Mood Disorders: Biological Versus Psychosocial Factors

There are two main theories as to the origins of Depression and Bipolar Disorder that will be discussed in this lesson. Firstly, biological factors are probably the largest contributor to these mood disorders. Regulating the levels of norepinephrine and serotonin is the key behind controlling these disorders. This is usually done with the use of SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) that help control depressive symptoms, and/or drugs such as lithium that help control manic states. The second theory is psychosocial theories. These theories emphasize the role of our environment, stressors, interpersonal relationships, and the like, as the main contributors to these disorders. Martin Seligman’s research with learned helplessness is famous for demonstrating that humans experience feelings of resignation to escape painful situations that may subsequently bring about depressive symptoms. Regardless of the theory that you believe in, the most important thing to keep in mind is that these mood disorders affect many people in our society, but with therapy and the use of pharmaceuticals, these disorders can be dealt with and overcome.